| Amendment/Act | Public Law/ U.S. Code | Main Provisions |
|---|---|---|
| Thirteenth Amendment | P.L. 38-11; 13 Stat. 567; P.L. 38-52 13 Stat. 774–775 | Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. Approved by the 38th Congress (1863–1865) as S.J. Res. 16; ratified by the states on December 6, 1865. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1866 | 14 Stat. 27–30 | Guaranteed the rights of all citizens to make and enforce contracts and to purchase, sell, or lease property. Passed by the 39th Congress (1865–1867) as S.R. 61. |
| Fourteenth Amendment | 14 Stat. 358–359 | Declared that all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. were citizens and that any state that denied or abridged the voting rights of males over the age of 21 would be subject to proportional reductions in its representation in the U.S. House of Representatives. Approved by the 39th Congress (1865–1867) as H.J. Res. 127; ratified by the states on July 9, 1868. |
| Fifteenth Amendment | P.L. 40-14; 15 Stat. 346 | Forbade any state to deprive a citizen of his vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Approved by the 40th Congress (1867–1869) as S.J. Res. 8; ratified by the states on February 3, 1870. |
| First Ku Klux Klan Act (Civil Rights Act of 1870) | 16 Stat. 140–146 | Prohibited discrimination in voter registration on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Established penalties for interfering with a person’s right to vote. Gave federal courts the power to enforce the act and to employ the use of federal marshals and the army to uphold it. Passed by the 41st Congress (1869–1871) as H.R. 1293. |
| Second Ku Klux Klan Act (Civil Rights Act of 1871) | 16 Stat. 433–440 | Placed all elections in both the North and South under federal control. Allowed for the appointment of election supervisors by federal circuit judges. Authorized U.S. Marshals to employ deputies to maintain order at polling places. Passed by the 41st Congress (1869–1871) as H.R. 2634. |
| Third Ku Klux Klan Act (1871) | 17 Stat. 13–15 | Enforced the 14th Amendment by guaranteeing all citizens of the United States the rights afforded by the Constitution and provided legal protection under the law. Passed by the 42nd Congress (1871–1873) as H.R. 320. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1875 | 18 Stat 335–337 | Barred discrimination in public accommodations and on public conveyances on land and water. Prohibited exclusion of African Americans from jury duty. Passed by the 43rd Congress (1873–1875) as H.R. 796. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1957 | P.L. 85–315; 71 Stat. 634 | Created the six-member Commission on Civil Rights and established the Civil Rights Division in the U.S. Department of Justice. Authorized the U.S. Attorney General to seek court injunctions against deprivation and obstruction of voting rights by state officials. Passed by the 85th Congress (1957–1959) as H.R. 6127. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1960 | P.L. 86–449; 74 Stat. 86 | Expanded the enforcement powers of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and introduced criminal penalties for obstructing the implementation of federal court orders. Extended the Civil Rights Commission for two years. Required that voting and registration records for federal elections be preserved. Passed by the 86th Congress (1959–1961) as H.R. 8601. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | P.L. 88–352; 78 Stat. 241 | Prohibited discrimination in public accommodations, facilities, and schools. Outlawed discrimination in federally funded projects. Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to monitor employment discrimination in public and private sectors. Provided additional capacities to enforce voting rights. Extended the Civil Rights Commission for four years. Passed by the 88th Congress (1963–1965) as H.R. 7152. |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | P.L. 89–110; 79 Stat. 437 | Suspended the use of literacy tests and voter disqualification devices for five years. Authorized the use of federal examiners to supervise voter registration in states that used tests or in which less than half the voting-eligible residents registered or voted. Directed the U.S. Attorney General to institute proceedings against use of poll taxes. Provided criminal penalties for individuals who violated the act. Passed by the 89th Congress (1965–1967) as S. 1564. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1968 (Fair Housing Act) | P.L. 90–284; 82 Stat. 73 | Prohibited discrimination in the sale or rental of approximately 80 percent of the housing in the U.S. Prohibited state governments and Native-American tribal governments from violating the constitutional rights of Native Americans. Passed by the 90th Congress (1967–1969) as H.R. 2516. |
| Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970 | P.L. 91–285; 84 Stat. 314 | Extended the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 for five years. Made the act applicable to areas where less than 50 percent of the eligible voting age population was registered as of November 1968. Passed by the 91st Congress (1969–1971) as H.R. 4249. |
| Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1975 | P.L. 94–73; 89 Stat. 400 | Extended the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 for seven years. Established coverage for other minority groups including Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans. Permanently banned literacy tests. Passed by the 94th Congress (1975–1977) as H.R. 6219. |
| Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1982 | P.L. 97–205; 96 Stat. 131 | Extended for 25 years the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Allowed jurisdictions that could provide evidence of maintaining a clean voting rights record for at least 10 years, to avoid preclearance coverage (the requirement of federal approval of any change to local or state voting laws). Provided for aid and instruction to disabled or illiterate voters. Provided for bilingual election materials in jurisdictions with large minority populations. Passed by the 97th Congress (1981–1983) as H.R. 3112. |
| Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 | P.L. 100–259; 102 Stat. 28 | Established that antidiscrimination laws are applicable to an entire organization if any part of the organization receives federal funds. Passed by the 100th Congress (1987–1989) as S. 557. |
| Fair Housing Act Amendments of 1988 | P.L. 100–430; 102 Stat. 1619 | Strengthened the powers of enforcement granted to the Housing and Urban Development Department in the 1968 Fair Housing Act. Passed by the 100th Congress (1987–1989) as H.R. 1158. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1991 | P.L. 102–166; 105 Stat. 1071 | Reversed nine U.S. Supreme Court decisions (rendered between 1986 and 1991) that had raised the bar for workers who alleged job discrimination. Provided for plaintiffs to receive monetary damages in cases of harassment or discrimination based on sex, religion, or disability. Passed by the 102nd Congress (1991–1993) as S. 1745. |
| Voting Rights Act of 2006 | P.L. 109–246; 120 Stat. 577 | Extended the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 for 25 years. Extended the bilingual election requirements through August 5, 2032. Directed the U.S. Comptroller General to study and report to Congress on the implementation, effectiveness, and efficiency of bilingual voting materials requirements. Passed by the 109th Congress (2005–2007) as H.R. 9. |
Describe the Significance of Martin Luther King Jr.’s Letter from Birmingham Jail and his I Have A Dream speech:
Concept 1: Civil Rights Movement Standard: SSUSH22 The student will identify dimensions of the Civil Rights Movement, 1945-1970. Explain the importance of President Truman’s order to integrate the U.S. Military and the federal. Standard E: Describe the causes and consequences of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights act of 1965. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed by President Lyndon Johnson on July 2nd; it prohibited the discrimination faced by minorities in public places, made employment discrimination illegal, and provided for the integration.
Martin Luther King Jr.’s Letter from Birmingham Jail was written in April of 1963. The letter was a response to religious leaders and more moderate white Americans. Without any resources or notes he wrote a 7,000 word letter to fight against his accusers, who accused him for actions which are completely constitutional.
Ssush22: Civil Rights Us History Timeline
Week 16: – Unit 12 – Civil Rights: SSUSH22, SSUSH23, SSUSH24: Civil Rights Movement, Impact of Political Development, Social Change Movements/Organizations, Week 17: Unit 13 – Modern Era: SSUSH25: Modern Era, Week 18: Review and Final Exams. The civil rights movement was a struggle for justice and equality for African Americans that took place mainly in the 1950s and 1960s. Among its leaders were Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, the.
March on Washington: On April 28, 1963 hundreds of thousands of people gathered to march for civil rights and social freedom. Martin Luther King led this march and gave his famous ‘I Have a Dream” speech. The march achieved not only great strive toward blacks freedom and equality but also hope, and a belief in the democratic process.
MLK “I have a dream speech”: this speech was pointed towards everyone. This speech was to show his ideals on the future and how blacks should be treated. He first celebrates the emancipation proclamation, but then turns it around and jumps to present day 1963 and tells all how African Americans still aren’t free, from police brutality, to segregation,etc.
Malcolm X was also a civil rights leader except that he encouraged other ways to fight for civil freedom. Instead of peaceful non violent protest Malcolm promoted all races to defend them selves in any means necessary. His autobiography paved the way for the Black power movement in the late 1960’s and 70’s.
Ssush22: Civil Rights Us History
Black Panthers: was a revolutionary black nationalist and socialist organization active in the United States from 1966 until 1982, that fought for revolutionary socialism. One of the first Militantly struggle for ethnic minority and working class emancipation.
Reflection: Many leaders took great risk and courage to fight for what they believe in. without these courageous men African Americans might not have been integrated as well as today.